The potential implementation of green infrastructure assessment using high-resolution National Agriculture Imagery Program data for sustainable hazard mitigation

As green infrastructure gets its attention in hazard mitigation, it is necessary to improve general understanding on what makes green infrastructure important for hazard and resiliency research. To better understand how green infrastructure fits with more traditional notions of structural and nonstructural mitigation, this study examines the relationship between green infrastructure and ‘structural and nonstructural’ mitigation approaches for hazard mitigation. Also, this study discusses a new measurement of locational aspects and spatial patterns of green infrastructure by utilizing high-resolution data in urban areas, and its potential implementation in hazard mitigation. Compared to previous research using land-use land-cover datasets, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) utilizing National Agriculture Imagery Program dataset provides an ability to capture green infrastructure in greater detail. A visual comparison suggests that the NDVI data are able to capture and identify more types of ‘green’ land uses in Harris County. The total green infrastructure percentages for Harris County, Texas, based on 1-m high resolution were found to be 61.5% of the area, compared to the 51.5% based on the National Land Cover Database. This study provides support for utilizing high-resolution data to establish guidelines for green infrastructure’s spatial characteristics and sustainable hazard mitigation. The outcomes of this study will be helpful in the strategic planning and implementation of green infrastructure in urban areas with hazard issues.     

集约化种植区硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布与累积特征

采用GPS定位、土钻取样的方法,在北京市大兴区14个乡镇的农田土壤中选取了91个土壤剖面,分别在0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm4个不同深度取得土壤样品,并在一次种植期结束后,综合考虑种植类型和土壤质地后选取24个重复取样点.在此基础上,分析了种植类型及土壤质地对硝态氮分布及累积情况的影响.结果表明,研究区土壤中的硝态氮含量有随土壤深度的增加呈降低的趋势.露地菜田和设施菜田最容易出现硝态氮淋洗现象,果园和粮田的总体状况较好,但粮田个别地区有一定的污染风险,细质地土壤具有较强的保水保肥能力.大兴区采育镇及长子营镇地区有较高的硝态氮累积量,为硝态氮淋洗污染危险区,应进行合理施肥,以免在一个种植期结束后造成较深层土壤中硝态氮的累积.研究结果可为大兴区地下水环境保护提供参考.     

呼伦贝尔草原植被覆盖时空动态变化监测定量方法研究

开展植被动态监测与评价,是评估生态保护措施、环境管理政策和全球变化研究的重要基础。论文以呼伦贝尔草原为例,基于1998—2008年间SPOT_VGT NDVI旬数据,通过分析生长期间的植被年均NDVI值、年NDVI最大值、年NDVI最小值、季节性动态性与物候的变化状况及其趋势,反映研究区植被覆盖空间特征,监测植被覆盖动态变化情况。结果表明:研究区植被覆盖区域特征为:以林地为主的区域草地-耕地-林地过渡区以耕地为主的区域以草地为主的区域;11 a来,研究区植被覆盖呈减弱趋势,植被覆盖最佳期提前,以林地为主的区域、草地-耕地-林地过渡区和以耕地为主的区域植被覆盖季节性动态变化较小,植被覆盖稳定性较强,而以草地为主的地区植被覆盖最小值日期推后,其季节性动态变化较大,生态环境稳定性较差。     

华北油田二连分公司蒙古林作业区生态环境质量状况研究

本文选取二连油田蒙古林作业区生态环境质量为研究对象,对该区域内的土地利用／覆盖状况、植被状况、景观类型及其破碎度进行定性、定量研究。结果表明：（1）2008年,该区域土地利用类型主要为有林地、中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、工矿交通建设用地和盐碱地等;工交建设占地明显。（2）该区2008年主要植物群落类型有：克氏针茅＋羊草＋杂类草、克氏针茅＋锦鸡儿＋杂类草、羊草＋针茅＋杂类草等;受到气候变暖等原因影响,小针茅已经在本区广泛分布。（3）该区2008年主要景观类型为针茅＋锦鸡儿草原景观、针茅草原景观、羊草草原景观、林地景观、人工建设区景观和道路景观;景观破碎度较高,人为干扰较为严重。建议相关单位足够重视并采取切实可行的措施,防止本区生态环境恶化。     

三里洞矸石废弃地人工植被群落构建初探

对矸石土样及植被材料进行采样测定,研究分析矸石的供肥能力、微量有毒元素含量、矿区植物中微量有毒元素的含量。研究结果表明:刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)对Cu、As元素吸收能力大于其它植物;荠菜(Capsella bursapastrois)对Zn元素的吸收能力较其他植物强;狗尾草(Setaria viridis)对Cr元素具有较强的吸收能力。依据矸石废弃地立地类型特点,矸石废弃地人工植被景观恢复过程中应选择臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)作为先锋树种,宜优先选用刺槐×沙棘×荠菜(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Capsella)、刺槐×沙棘×狗尾草(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setariaviridis)、臭椿×沙棘×狗尾草(Ailanthusaltissima×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setaria viridis)群落与刺槐林、臭椿林配植模式。运用生态恢复的方法对矸石废弃地进行人工植被景观恢复与重建,恢复其受损伤的生态系统,这对矸石废弃地植被恢复有一定的理论指导意义。     

我国主要煤炭基地的生态脆弱性评价与类型分析

针对我国绝大多数煤炭基地生态环境脆弱的局面,研究在文献分析和实地调研的基础上,建立生态脆弱性评价指标体系,对我国主要煤炭基地的生态脆弱性进行评价和类型分析.研究发现,我国大多数煤炭生产基地处于生态环境脆弱区,其中陕北和神东基地的生态环境极度脆弱,黑东、鲁西的生态环境较好.根据不同基地各生态要素对生态脆弱性总体得分的贡献率,判断不同基地的主要生态约束因素与约束程度,可以将我国煤炭基地分为水土因素交互作用型、地质不稳定和地面塌陷约束型以及生态功能约束型三种类型.最后针对不同的生态约束类型区,提出未来我国煤炭基地的生态建设措施.     

植被恢复对矸石山生态环境效应影响研究

以兴隆庄煤矿绿化矸石山和裸露矸石山为研究对象,研究了植被恢复对矸石山生态环境效应的影响.结果表明,植被的恢复重建了矸石山生态系统,改善了矸石山生态环境:气温平均降低3.7℃、空气相对湿度提高了7.1%,矸石山近地层SO2、NOx和TSP粉尘日均浓度分别降低了0.1471 mg/m3,0.0004 mg/m3 0.0389 Mg/m3矸石山植被的恢复增加了矸石山土壤比重,降低了土壤容重、提高了土壤有机质含量.     

喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报

在贵州普定岩溶地质与生态研究综合试验站陈旗小流域内,采用全坡面大型径流场的方法,对6种不同土地利用条件下喀斯特坡地径流场次降雨地表径流量和土壤流失进行了监测。2007年7月到2008年12月期间的监测结果表明:6个径流场土壤流失量均非常小,年土壤流失量和年悬沙产沙量变化范围分别为0.05~62.25 t/km2和0.03~8.68 t/km2,最大的为中度石漠化的稀疏灌丛径流场。喀斯特坡地土壤流失集中发生在降雨量超过60mm的降雨事件中,不同类型坡地间次降雨土壤流失量差异显著,最主要控制因素为地表径流量,同时也受到降雨特征和植被状况的影响。此外,前期降雨对坡地产流和土壤流失的影响也是客观存在的。前期降雨丰沛的条件下,坡耕地、稀疏灌丛径流场的地表径流量、次降雨土壤流失量相对复合植被、火烧迹地、灌草和幼林径流场均出现明显增长。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤有机碳与环境因素的关系

研究不同环境要素共同作用下的土壤有机碳分布特征及其与环境因素的关系对于全面准确评估黄土高原地区土壤有机碳状况和土壤碳循环具有重要意义.结合野外调查和室内分析,研究了黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域土壤不同组分有机碳分布特征及其与地形条件、土地利用方式和土壤类型之间的关系.结果表明,黄土沟壑区小流域土壤总有机碳变异较小(变异系数为34%),高活性有机碳变异较大(变异系数为43%),有机碳的变异性随其活性的增强而增大.各组分有机碳之间极显著正相关,而且在不同环境条件下的含量顺序一致.各组分有机碳在不同地形条件下以塬面土壤最高,沟道土壤最低:在不同土地利用方式下以林地和农田土壤较高,草地土壤较低;在不同土壤类型中则以黑垆土最高,红土最低.不同环境条件下各组分有机碳之间的关系分析表明,环境条件不但直接影响有机碳的分布,还通过影响有机碳不同组分之间的关系来改变其分布特征.研究区总有机碳与活性有机碳之问的关系受环境条件影响最大,中活性与高活性有机碳之间的关系受环境条件影响最小.     

Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes:A case study from Chongming Dongtan,Yangtzeestuary,China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.